How to explain subtraction to a child. We teach a child to count orally: tips, games and examples

It seems that there is nothing complicated in the bill, but small children refuse to understand why after 9 it’s 10, and after 30 - 31, with such questions they sometimes lead adults to despair. But in order for the baby to learn counting, he needs to be taught this. For this, there are many techniques and methodological techniques.

How to teach a child to quickly count?

The memory of young children is selective, they learn only what interests them or causes any emotions. It is unlikely that the kids will remember things uninteresting for them, even if their parents insist on it. Therefore, the task of adults is to interest children so that they themselves want to learn how to count. Then the child himself will not notice how he learns to quickly count.

Specialists in the field of linguistics have long noticed that when studying languages, the human brain most easily masters the numerals. Learning the ABCs and letters requires some effort, but learning to count doesn’t have to sit on books for a long time. Moreover, you can deal with the account everywhere: in transport, at home, on a walk.

How to teach a child to correctly count to 10?

• If your baby is 2 years old, then it's time to learn how to count it. First you need to teach him to count from 1 to 5. While walking, you can count cars, houses, windows, birds, absolutely everything needs to be counted. When dressing a child, you should pay attention to the fact that there are always 2 socks, but pantyhose - 1. Upon returning from a walk, you can count shoes in the hallway and even ask the baby a task: how many people can wear as many shoes as he sees.
• When reading books you do not need to skip pictures, let the child calculate the number of animals and objects depicted in the illustration. Counting poems are also good in this matter. Also, the baby should be explained that learning to count, he gains for himself a favor. After all, he can equally divide the sweets. When setting the table, you can ask the crumbs for help: let him give you a certain number of spoons or plates.
• Before going to the store, you can say out loud - how much and what you need to purchase. In this case, you need to bend your fingers, and then ask the child to repeat the list. During the shopping process, you need to ask the child to tell you what else remains to buy. Upon arrival from the store, the products can be counted, if something is not enough, the baby will understand that his mother cannot do without his help, will concentrate and will train his skills. If the child remembers all the products, he must be tumbled down. The next time the task can be a little complicated.
• Playing the store will also help consolidate counting skills, but it will be easier to play with children without money. Toddlers of 3 years of age will be interested in the payment process, and sweets, buttons or pieces of paper can act as a currency. At the right expense, the child needs to be encouraged.
• If the baby has already learned to count, then you can start learning numbers. Children often easily learn numbers from 1 to 10. The main thing is for him to understand that a certain number means the number of certain objects. For example, 5 apples, 5 candies or 5 balls - will always be indicated by the same number. Children love magnetic numbers and Velcro fastening to a refrigerator, blackboard, or other surface. The main thing is that the baby always sees these numbers and then he will quickly remember them.
• When the child learns the numbers, you can enter the concept of 0. For this, you can count those items that are not there. For example: 0 cars, 0 candies. That is, 0 means that which is not.
• Older children - at the age of 4-5 years can already be explained - how numbers are formed. For example, put 10 counting sticks in a row. In ancient Russia, 10 was abbreviated as "twenty". 1 stick should be put on top, it is good if it will differ in color. And so it turns out that 1 in twenty - it turns out 11. You can add a stick to the top row, thereby reaching 20. The only exception is the number 40, which in ancient times meant "very much" and 90, meaning "nine to one hundred."

How to teach a child to count to 100?

When teaching a child a score from 1 to 100, you do not need to demand quick memorization from him. Let everything go in stages, for example, once a week to increase the numbers by a dozen. And before starting a new lesson, you need to ask him to repeat the material already passed. Moreover, the new can be studied only when the baby remembers what has already been studied. Moreover, the child should not only memorize the score, but also understand it. The science of mathematics is based on the search for understanding, the crumb must figure out why the numbers are arranged in this way and not otherwise.

As a fixation of the material, the baby can be asked to solve some problems, such as: find the missing number; name the number and ask - what is standing in front of it; name the numbers between the named.

If the child has mastered the count from 1 to 100, then you can start learning the counting down. It is better to show it on the fingers, bending them or on counting sticks. The easiest way to start is with 5. The child’s thinking plays an important role here. It happens that the baby easily copes with mathematical calculations, but the countdown causes him difficulties. At the same time, you can’t put pressure on the child - he must learn the countdown using examples, for example, using the buttons in the elevator.

These days, first-graders can use a calculator and a computer, but it’s more difficult for them to count in their minds, because the brain, like muscles, needs constant training. It is the verbal account learned in childhood that helps the development of the mental abilities of the child.

Many parents think that children, especially those under the age of 5 years, still cannot deal with oral counting, but mathematical abilities do not arise from the outside - they are formed. And if they are not trained, then they may not develop by 10 years. Already from the age of 3, a child can be taught the basics of mathematics.

It is also worth explaining to the baby what is - more - less. Even when reading a book, you can pay attention to which animals are larger and which are smaller. When playing with a child in a cube, it should be counted, and then ask the child to count - which color cubes are larger and which are smaller? At first, the baby will be confused, it will not only be easy for him to remember such concepts, but in the future he will become well-versed in this matter.

To explain to the child such a concept as “equally”, we can give him an example: Kolya has 3 apples and Petya has 3 apples — who has more? No one, because they are equally divided! You can offer the baby to equally divide any number of objects so that he better remembers this concept.

Nowadays, a wide assortment of bookstores provides manuals on early childhood development, including manuals on how to teach a child to count. But before acquiring, they should be studied. It is necessary to avoid such examples as “determine without counting”, “try to guess how much it will turn out”, because this approach to mathematics is not correct. You can’t teach a child through such examples, because mathematics is an exact science, and here you need to consider and guess Anna. The answers to the “guess” question will be ambiguous and the child may think that the correct answer can be guessed rather than calculated.

How to teach a child to count: video

Some parents of primary school kids say that their children have a humanitarian mindset, so their babies do not have pronounced math abilities. But in order to simply deal with the account - you do not need any special abilities. In addition, mathematical calculations stimulate the development of intelligence and help to form logical thinking in a child. The sooner parents begin to train the brain activity of the crumbs using mathematical calculations, the faster they will see a noticeable result.

When the baby grows out of diapers, starts to run, talk and be interested in everything, loving parents think about how to teach the child to count. These skills are very useful for a small person, and the sooner he learns them, the better.
  Next, we’ll talk about how to introduce a crumb to numbers and numbers up to 100.

When to teach a child account?

No one can name the exact dates, but it has been scientifically proven that in 2-3 years the child has the strongest need for new knowledge and information. Now the baby is ready to learn everything, it absorbs knowledge like a sponge, reaches for the unknown and in general is the ideal soil for the cultivation of certain abilities.

That is why it is better to begin to acquaint the baby with numbers in the period from two to three years. However, you can do this before. Already at the age of one year, children have ways to understand that one and two are different things, although they are not yet able to fully realize the quantitative states of objects.

How to teach counting to 10?

Counting to 10 is the main task to be set for the parent of a small child. But it can be difficult for a baby to master 10 digits at once, so teach the baby to count to 5 first.

To do this, you can resort to the following methods, which are easy to implement at home.

• There are five fingers on the hand - starting from this, introduce the peanut to the "names" of numbers.
• Show cards with objects depicted on them (from one to five) - remember, the image of the numbers themselves is better not to show the baby.
• Educational cartoons and programs - they can be found on the Internet.
• Abacus and other educational toys.
• Poems and nursery rhymes.
• An account in everyday life.

It is very good if you introduce the baby to household chores, while learning to count. For example, you can instruct the baby to wash five cups. At the same time, ask the child to count: one cup, two cups. Or before going to the store, ask the baby to remember five items from the list of products. The child should remind you of what to buy. In this case, you can bend your fingers so as not to lose count. This will allow both to teach the child to count in the mind, and to take care of the development of his memory.

Useful will be classes with cards. Such benefits are sold in all bookstores and online stores for children. First show the cards in sequence, then alternate - let the child answer how many objects are displayed on the card (remember that we do not learn how to write numbers yet!)

But try not to bother the kid with his "math." Do everything unobtrusively and easily, in a playful way so that the baby does not feel like a student in a school class ahead of time.

This lesson is like when you want to teach your child to read syllables and introduce him to the letters and sounds in stages. Do not rush, make sure that the baby has well mastered the information received before proceeding to the next stage of training.

How to teach a child to write numbers?

After the first 10 digits are learned, you can show the child how they are written. It is better not to burden the baby's memory and study one written digit per day.

Devote a number all day:

• write it on a piece of paper and hang it in a conspicuous place;
• fashion a figure from plasticine together with a child;
• watch the program, which tells about this figure;
• give examples using the calendar. For example, "On the 2nd of the day we will go to my grandmother."

Such a simple and everyday item as a watch will help the baby write numbers. The child must have seen him many times, so he will not be new to the numbers on the dial.

How to teach counting to 20?

The next step in the child’s mathematical training at home will be up to 20. You should start classes only when the baby has already mastered the numbers from 1 to 9 and the number 10.

1. Explain that each subsequent (further 10) number will consist of two digits. In other words, each number is divided into tens and ones. The first digit is tens, the second is units.
2. Use two boxes. In one put ten objects (balls, cubes, etc.) in the other - one (2, 3, 4), this illustrative example will help the baby understand what’s what.
3. Say that all the numbers in the position of units go one after another, that is, after 11 goes 12, then 13, 14, etc.
4. When the child understands the essence of the bill to 20, you can give him a small task. For example, ask a child to put 16 dryers (candies, balls) in an empty box. In this case, the baby should count out loud.

How to teach counting to 100?

By 4-5 years, when the baby already counts from 1 to 20, you can introduce him to numbers up to 100. This requires a certain amount of patience and time, learning to count the process is quite long and laborious.

1. First of all, tell us that there are dozens in the number series up to 100. Name the numbers 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90. But make a reservation that there are still units between these numbers, that is, these numbers do not go one after another.
2. After this short review lesson, invite your child to learn 10 new numbers per day. Start with the third dozen (21, 22, 23 ...). Before going to bed, ask the baby to tell what he learned. In this case, you can repeat the material covered, counting any objects.
3. When the child learns dozens of numbers, play a game with him: show a number series with a missing number in the middle. The kid must find and insert the lost item.
4. Praise the child for the correct answers, rejoice in his successes. Motivate your kid to learn.

How to learn to add and subtract?

Basic operations such as addition and subtraction will be useful to the child before school. The ability to count objects in everyday life will give a crumb of self-confidence, as well as give impetus to the development of intelligence. But where to start?

First of all, remember - no math lessons! Only a game and an interesting pastime.

1. Prepare visual material: apples, sweets, cubes - what the baby will be interested in operating.
2. First, parse a prime number (for example, 3). You can get a total of 3 by adding two candies and one. Ask the baby to show how he understood the explanation.
3. Continue to add until the child understands what's what, and only then proceed to the subtraction.

All parents strive to ensure that their children are smart, develop quickly and have an interest in learning. But it is not always so easy and simple to interest a peanut with the process of learning something new.

The earliest interest in knowledge in children is just the count of objects. It is important not to miss this time and quietly turn arithmetic into an exciting, fun game.

At what age should parents start?

Many have a logical question: “Should a child load arithmetic to school?” After all, professionals will teach everything there ”.

This is a deeply erroneous opinion. You need to start teaching the baby when the subject of instruction begins to be interesting to him, and not after his interest has long since faded away.

And the interest in counting in children appears rather early, from about 3.5-4 years old. Only it needs to be slightly supported and imperceptibly complicate the game process every day.

If for some reason your cub does not show interest in counting toys, you don’t need to say: “He probably just doesn’t have arithmetic skills, so I didn’t succeed in exact sciences as a child.” You need to interest him. Gradually include in his daily developmental activities what you until now missed: start counting toys, buttons on clothes, steps on the way home.

How to teach a child to count in his mind and avoid mistakes?

There are many different methods of teaching counting; you are free to choose or mix them and invent your own. However, you should not start learning to account in such ways that not only do not bring any benefit, but also harm your child in the future.

For example, "Adding units": “To add two to three, we first add one to three, we get four, then to four one we get five”. And in the opposite direction: “In order to subtract three from four, we subtract one from four, there will be three, then one from three, we get two and one from two, too, there will be one”.

This method is very common, but it develops and reinforces the habit of slowly counting in children and does not at all develop memorization and thinking. Make sure that teachers in the kindergarten or elementary school do not use the finger and unit technique to teach the child. To teach this quickly and easily, but to repel this habit is very difficult.

Another common wrong way - "by the ruler": “In order to add two to three, you need to find the number three on the ruler, count two points from it to the right and read the five, this will be the answer to the example. And in order to subtract three from four, we find four on the ruler, count three points to the left of it and read the answer on the ruler ”. This kind of account using a kind of improvised “calculator”, such as a ruler, is as if specially invented so that the baby does not begin to think and remember.

How to teach a child to quickly count in the mind?

The study of oral counting should always take place with the elements of the game. With the help of training sessions, repeating necessarily daily, not only mindless memorization is achieved, but the conscious memorization of both visual and tactile memory, which is then fixed for a long time.

It is important to maintain the algorithm and consistency of the acquired skills:

• Teach first to see the difference between "Many items"  and one" ;
• Explain the difference between the concepts: “Equal”, “more”, “less”;
• Teach ordinal count and quantitative;
• Explain how to compare the quantity with a companion figure;
• Learn components from 1 to 10;
• Teach you how to find the answer to elementary math problems in several ways.

Only an account in the mind will develop memory, intelligence and ingenuity. This is what will come in handy in future adulthood.

Examples your child still decides at school, when practicing accuracy and attention. And you need to start working out the account in the mind at an early age for the development of quick thinking. By the beginning of the development of oral counting, he should already be able to correctly count at least five toys, buttons, birds, or fish, and at the same time understand the concepts of "more" and "less." All these improvised subjects in further training do not need to be used.

Start by adding and subtracting homogeneous objects. This involves both visual and tactile memory. If a child has a count of objects, it is better to start from the very beginning and patiently again explain to him how to cope with determining the number of buttons on a shirt, for example. And then move on to more difficult lessons.

How to teach a child to count in the mind on cubes

There is a wonderful and quick way to learn using cubes. You can start doing this in two years. You only need cards from 1 to 5 and a box with squares in a row. You can buy them at any children's store or make them yourself. By the way, the pean will be happy to take part in this.

Do not replace the box with chopsticks or cubes that cannot be placed in a row. Such items are randomly placed, they do not have a permanent configuration, so they can not be deposited in memory as a whole picture. They have a fundamental difference from the fingers. The box can be covered with a palm or removed from the eyes, filled and empty cells will be quickly remembered. And his fingers are always with him, he can easily feel them, and there is simply no sense in remembering anything.

Training game “Putting cubes to numbers”

Leave on the table a card with number 1 and number 2. Next to the box, in which there is one die.

Ask the baby how many filled cells are in the box. After he answers correctly, show him a card with the number 1, name it and leave it next to the box. Put one more in the box and ask them to say, not counting how many cubes are now.

After you get the correct answer that there are already two objects in the box, put the number 2 next to it, name it, remove it from box number 1, and put the number 2 in the same place. Repeat this game several times.

The student will quickly remember two dice in appearance, and will soon begin to determine the amount immediately, without counting. At the same time, he will remember cards with numbers 1 and 2 and will show a figure corresponding to the number of cubes in the box.

Training game "Gnomes in the house"

A box with cubes - this will be a house, cells - rooms, and the objects themselves - fairy gnomes. Put the cube in the box. This will - “One dwarf came into the house”. Then ask: “What if one friend comes to the first, how many gnomes will be in the house?”  If the baby cannot say right away, put another die next to the house. Now he will say for sure that there are two gnomes in the house.

Also with the question: “If one dwarf leaves”. Gradually complicate the game. Say that the house now has a roof. Close the box with something and repeat the process. Each time a student says the correct number of gnomes, remove the roof and let him add or remove the gnome and make sure that he answered correctly.

Remember for yourself that children do not need to upload all the information at once. Overloading children's memory, forcing him to engage in force is not worth it. Enough 15-20 minutes a day, unless of course he himself asks for more time.

You can combine account classes with reading classes. Over time, when the simplest examples will be worked out to automatism, teach to see arithmetic in the world around. For example, a great way to teach a child to quickly count examples in the mind is to count the components of the car numbers that come by.

Children are interested in keeping track of the machine and having time to count the numbers on the number and this is a great workout. Have patience, imagination and remember that your child is always the smartest for you!

Experts say: you need to teach children how to count from a garden age. Moreover, the younger preschooler, with the proper organization of such an activity, will like it. But here parents may face another problem. Teaching your baby to add and subtract on paper may not be so difficult. But how to teach a child to count in the mind is a harder task. There are a number of nuances that will make it possible to solve it faster and easier.

How does the account begin?

Starting classes is from early childhood. So, for example, the basics of the account can be laid with the baby when he is 3-4 years old. First, parents need to teach their child how to find one or several items at once. It can be your favorite toys, food, etc. Then you should teach the child the concepts of "more", "less", "the same." After you can proceed to learning the ratio of numbers and objects. So, you will prepare the baby for the account, and it will be easier for him to master such a science as mathematics.

To teach a child to think for himself, first you need to develop active pronunciation in him (when he is out loud, counts individually how many objects he sees in front of him), then he must do this in a whisper, and afterwards completely to himself, aloud, giving out only the final result. Psychologists assure: in this case, the main thing is to interest the baby, then it will not be boring for him to master the bill.

With the baby, you can master the score on the street. So, for example, you can count the number of cars that passed. Complicate the task and group them by color. For example, 3 black, 5 gray, 1 red. You can also count birds on the sidewalk, people at stops. The numbers in the numbers of cars and everything that catches your eye. So the child at times will be easier to absorb information. After all, everything is also duplicated by visual memory.

Learning Preschool Account

The easiest way to prepare special assistants, for example, chips. It can be at your discretion counting sticks, matches, checkers and other identical figures. Identical in this situation is the key concept, because the baby should not be distracted. As a rule, it is easier for a preschooler to assimilate the score to 5. After he learns to him, one can proceed to solving the problem: how to teach a child to count to 10.

To begin, disassemble the composition of the number with the baby. It is better to explain with specific examples. If he has three sweets, and he gives one as a treat to his mother, how much will remain? Two. And this means that if you subtract 1 from 3, you can get 2.

Then it is necessary to decompose the child all the pairs that are obtained with the numbers 1 and 2, and also swap them so that there is an understanding that the result will not change by changing the places of the terms. Again, try the example of removing one candy from the total mass. Your task is to consolidate the result. Then try to go from the opposite and treat the child who has 2 sweets, one more. How much will result? So you work out the addition.

Do not ignore the concept of zero. This is extremely important for a full training in counting. Moreover, to explain the complete absence of something is not so difficult. It is enough to lay out several objects on the table, count them, and then completely remove everything.

It is necessary to try so that for a child all these actions become automatic. Therefore, continuing classes, regularly return to such, earlier passed examples. Gradually, understanding step by step, you can solve the following problem: how to effectively teach a child to count to 20, and 30, and 100.

Learning to count a schoolboy

It will be more difficult for the child if he did not have time to learn the count before school. After all, examples already begin there. And how to teach a child to quickly and correctly count examples when he cannot cope with the solution of simple actions in his mind.

Again, first you need to start small. It’s just not how to learn to count to 5, just like in the case of kids, but to solve the dilemma: how to teach a child to count to 10. That’s how it goes faster, plus an older child has dozens better.

To teach a student a count, you will need 2 ordinary rulers with divisions up to 10 and 20 cm. On these, you can easily put off the necessary steps with your fingers in different directions and clearly see the result. So, for example, invite the child to solve Example 3 + 3. Let him find the first digit on the ruler, and then with his finger it goes step by step to the right (we are talking about addition). You need to do three steps. What is the figure? That's right - 6. In the same way, the child learns to subtract.

After he “counted” with a finger on the line, it is necessary to repeat the example orally. It can take about a week to train and consolidate the results, in some cases two. And closer to the second half of the training period, try to minimize experiments with the ruler, increasing the calculations in the mind.

How to count round numbers

Despite the fact that round numbers are quite simple in terms of visual assessment, with them, kids have a lot of problems when counting. Alternatively, you can use the ruler again. Just explain to the child that when adding or subtracting numbers ending in zero, you need to work with the first digits, the zero remains unchanged.

Multiplication and Division

Of particular difficulty in children can be the decision in the mind of such examples as multiplication and division. As a rule, a detailed explanation of what is what helps. Using simple examples, for example, 3x3, we can explain what this means three times three times, i.e. you need to add three triples and get 9 as a result. To begin with, of course, such explanations should be carried out on paper for greater clarity. Next you need to memorize the multiplication table. If the child understands the principle quickly, then it will be easy to teach it.

It is more difficult to operate with division. Therefore, experts recommend starting with training on dividing by 2. After all, it is even easier to divide everything equally. Immediately you will have to explain to the child and what is the difference between such types of numbers as odd and even. Proceed to more complex division exercises only after you make sure that the baby has learned everything well. Otherwise, he simply gets confused.

To teach a child to count correctly and correctly, try to heed the advice of psychologists and put them into practice. First of all, do not tune in to a quick result. It just seems to be easy to count. And if you think about how many thought processes a baby needs to do, everything will turn out to be not so simple.

Be sure to monitor the child’s reaction during your classes. If he suddenly got bored, either offer him another option, or even temporarily change your activity. If you insist on classes, the child will develop the wrong connection: forcibly means bad. And achieving results in this situation will not be easy.

Do not heroically engage in case you are unwell or nervous. With this nothing will come of it, the material will not be assimilated. Better carry them later, when the situation settles down.

In the process of teaching a child to count, do not be nervous, use tactile sensations - let him shift objects for counting from place to place, it is easier for him to remember. Be sure to regularly repeat what you have already completed. At the beginning of the lesson do not be lazy and take at least 5 minutes to the already learned. In this case, do not stop there.

Be sure to praise the baby for every success. But do not scold - you are not a teacher at school and do not fight for grades. In case the child cannot understand, help.

How to teach a child to quickly count? It happens and is not difficult at all. It is enough to approach this issue with all the love, patience and perseverance. Naturally, such activities should be only in pleasure and joy. Nobody will study forcefully. Try to come up with a motivation system that suits you and your child, and then it goes.

When entering first grade, they usually do not test the child’s ability to count. But in fact, already in the first lessons, children are faced with the need to use mathematical skills. Helping your child learn the basics of counting even before school is the task of the parents.

Why teach children an account before school

Of all creatures living on Earth, only humans can count - this is one of the highest functions of the brain. Each of us needs mathematics in everyday life: count money, correlate the number of guests and forks, spoons, etc. Even preschoolers are often faced with the need to use arithmetic skills: check whether the seller gave change in the store correctly, rearrange the chip in the walker game. That is, a complex, but very interesting science has practical use.

Another reason for getting to know your account early is development of a little man. At the age of 2-3 years, the baby is already able to learn mathematical concepts. Moreover, the younger the child, the easier and faster training is. Of course, the discussion here is exclusively about playing form - classes should not resemble tedious lessons. It is proved that learning to count (especially oral) improves memory, attention, logical thinking, develops intelligence and ingenuity. Children who know how to handle numbers in their minds quickly think about everything. At school, they succeed not only in arithmetic, but also in other subjects. Not in vain mathematics is called the queen of sciences - according to its laws everything happens in this world.

  Mathematics is the science of all sciences.

Start

Start learning account can be from two years old  (sometimes even a little earlier). Dressing up the baby, we recount his body parts: it turns out that the baby has two pens, legs, eyes and ears - the same, but the nose - only one. The head is also one, therefore, one hat is needed, but for two hands two mittens are required. A little later it turns out that there are five fingers on the hands and feet. After some time, begin to periodically ask the child questions - how many eyes (noses, hands, legs, tails) does the doll have (bears, bunnies, etc.)? You can count anything with your child  - steps, flowers in a picture in a book, buttons, pieces of food in a plate, pebbles, birds, etc. And you need to do this always and everywhere: on a walk, in the process of washing dishes, table setting, dressing, bathing, games. And rhymes, counters and jokes will help you remember the sequence of the number series. Only a child should not memorize and say thoughtlessly: one-two-three-four ... The kid should know that “three” is not just a word, it’s three things. And be sure to read the fairy tale "The Kid, who knew how to count to 10".

  The kid that counted everyone.

Getting to know the numbers

If the two-year-old is not yet capable of abstract thinking, then the children of 3 to 4 years old are quite ready to get acquainted with the numbers - signs denoting the number. To do this, you need cards with their images or figures made of cardboard, wood, plastic, etc.

We take 3 cubes (cars, dolls, sticks) and put the number 3 next. We take 5 toys - we put the number 5 next to it, clearly pronouncing each action. Then comes the turn of the young student. Now the parent only puts out a certain number of items, and the child independently finds a card with the desired number.

  Blind figures from plasticine - also possible.

By the way, a baby from about 4 years old can already be "trained" in the opposite count. So that the lesson does not turn out to be boring, beat the action: for example, count down the seconds remaining before the rocket starts. This important skill prepares the child for the next step - the development of subtraction. Well, and, of course, in the learning process, attention and memory develop.

A few words about the techniques

There are author's methods of teaching preschoolers skills in counting - the Nikitins and Zaitsev, Montessori and Doman programs and many other famous people who have devoted their lives to the study of early development. You can, of course, concentrate on one thing. But, as practice shows, each technique has not only advantages, but also disadvantages.

For example, a popular method of teaching a Doman account involves showing a child cards with large bright dots (diameter - 2 cm). For starters, cards are used on which the number of points does not exceed 5. Later, the number of objects reaches 20, then up to 100. An adult simply demonstrates material to a young mathematician and clearly calls him a number. Soon the child is already accurately, without even recounting the points, he easily answers the question “How much?” At the same time, it will not be difficult for him to distinguish between cards with 19 and 20 circles. The kid learns very quickly to visually perceive the quantity. We adults, who were not given the opportunity of such training in childhood, can hardly imagine what it is. Then comes the turn of demonstrating to the baby a combination of leaflets: for example, a material with 10 and 2 points is taken, the action says: “10 plus 2 is 12”.

  Doman's cards.

Judging by the reviews, children learn verbal counting very quickly. They easily deal with the addition of two-digit numbers in their minds. But the technique does not affect other important mathematical concepts - wider-narrower, higher-lower, longer-shorter, etc. It simply teaches to count automatically - neither logic nor intelligence develops. The child becomes like a “walking calculator”, which cannot independently figure out how to use his skills in practice, but he readily answers questions from adults. The same situation with other methods - Montessori programs do not pay attention to the development of the right hemisphere at all, the Zaitsev method quickly teaches the score, but does not contribute to the improvement of fine motor skills necessary for writing, creativity and speech development are avoided in the Nikitin system. Therefore, there is another option - the selective use of visual material, ideas, rules and games of several programs.

Each child is individual, and only parents know the features of development and the interests of their child. Using publicly available information, any an adult is quite capable of creating a unique “program” of teaching mathematics for his own baby.

We operate with numbers

Having learned to count at least within five children, begin to introduce addition-subtraction. Here, of course, one cannot do without visual material - objects that are identical and differ in some respects. Ready-made kits are easy to find in the store, but also making benefits yourself is not so difficult.

  One plus three equals four.

Elementary way: cut pictures from books and magazines and stick them on thick cardboard. However, in the household of every kid today there are toys that can serve as counting material - cubes, pyramid rings, sticks, figures from kinder surprises, small cars, etc.

  Pencils also work. This is the number three.

Take, for example, a cube and say: "One".  Then we put another cube to it and pronounce: "Plus one equals two."  In the same way, demonstrate to the baby and examples of subtraction. Do not be afraid to use the concepts of "+", "-", "\u003d". You can explain their meaning to the baby, but this is not necessary: \u200b\u200bit is enough to provide the children with facts, and natural-born researchers themselves will very quickly deduce the pattern. Also, do not forget about the concepts “more-less” and their designations “\u003e” and “<». Освоить новый материал помогут игрушки. Например, накройте стол для 5-ти гостей - плюшевых зверей. Расставьте 4 тарелки и обратите внимание крохи на то, что одному гостю блюда не хватило. Это значит, что посуды меньше, а зверей больше. Добавляем одну тарелку - и вот уже предметов стало поровну. Другой простой наглядный вариант - нарисовать на большом листе бумаги цветок с 6-ю лепестками и вырезать из картона такое же количество бабочек. Сначала вручаем малышу, например, 4 бабочки и просим рассадить их на лепестки. Ребёнок видит, что два из них осталось незанятыми. Проговариваем: "4 is less than 6"and then add: "Two."

Learning by playing

Preschoolers learn only through play. Children well absorb only what is really interesting to them. And the authors of early development techniques are well aware of this.

Training program Sergei Polyakova.

For example, in the program of Sergei Polyakov there is a game that allows kids to quickly master the oral score and understand the composition of the number. In front of the child, 5 cubes are laid out in a row (it is recommended to start with a smaller amount). Then the adult takes 2 cubes in his hand and hides it behind his back. Three objects remain in front of the baby, and he must answer the question: “How many dice are hidden in the hand?”  At the same time, the author of the method warns against counting objects with fingers (and this is exactly how adults usually teach children) - everything should happen in the mind, visually. The crumbs very quickly remember how 5 cubes look, but like 3. And now there are a few more games that can interest the child in the bill:

• Score  - all the kids will be happy to join the process, parents are required to prepare - making money cards with numbers.
• Clapping  - cards with the numbers “shirts” up are laid out in front of the child; the baby opens the card, sees the sign and has to clap its hands so many times.
• Numerical neighbors  - more often ask your child to name a number that lives, for example, between 5 and 7, 4 and 6, etc.
• Walker games  - those where you first throw a bone, and then do the right number of moves; for very kids, a similar game can be made independently by gluing a cube where the number of points on the edges does not exceed 3.
• Baby domino  - not simple, with dots or pictures, but special: on some halves of chips - numbers, on others - images of fruits, vegetables and other objects; with the help of such a manual, children learn to correlate the number of things with signs.
• Help in the kitchen:  “How many people will have lunch?” Let's count: mom, dad, Katya and you. How many plates do you need? Get the right amount of fork spoons! ”
• We lay out the coins:  invite the kid to sort the coins in value.
• Put it in order:  Have the child arrange the numbers card in the order of magnification.
• Missing cards:  an adult puts out a row of cards with numbers, deliberately skipping some elements of the number series; the child is invited to fill in the gaps.
• Extra items:  cut pictures from images of the same subject from books and magazines, add several clippings that are not related to the topic, and invite the child to find extra objects and count them.
• Reading fairy tales  - after reading the next tale together, ask the child to remember and count the number of positive (negative) characters, the number of friends (enemies) of the main character.

There are many ways to interest in mathematics and teach counting. Ideas surround us everywhere - you just have to take a closer look.